Implementing a Repository in Android using Kotlin
A repository is commonly regarded as the single source of truth in an Android application. In other words, it acts as an abstraction over a particular data source. A repository enables an application to consume data without worrying about its origin.
Some of the common sources of data include local databases, cache, and online servers. Using a repository allows developers to manage data more effectively. It is also much easier to identify bugs or errors since there is the separation of business logic from the UI.
Goal
In this tutorial, we will incorporate a repository in an Android application that uses MVVM architecture.
Prerequisites
To follow along, you need some basic understanding of Kotlin. Furthermore, you should have installed Android Studio on your computer.
Some knowledge of the MVVM architecture is also vital.
You can read more on the different architectural patterns in Android from here.
Note that the application will retrieve data from
https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts.
Understanding the app data
The first step when building any application is to understand the data source. This phase is critical since it allows developers to structure app components appropriately.
Navigate to https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts on your browser.
You will notice that the link returns data in JSON format, as shown below:
The data above includes variables such as userID, id, title, and body. We will need to declare these variables in the app.
Getting started
Open Android Studio and generate a new project. Choose an empty template and click finish. You will need to be patient since this process may be time consuming.
When the project completes, Android Studio will display all the required files in a new window.
Before going further, we need to add several permissions and dependencies to our application.
Navigate to the Manifests/AndroidManifest.xml file and include the following line to enable internet access:
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.wanja.myapplication">
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/> <!--internet permission-->
Next, open the app-level build.gradle file and add the following dependencies:
dependencies {
implementation 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:2.2.0'
implementation 'androidx.cardview:cardview:1.0.0'
def lifecycle_version = "2.3.1"
def arch_version = "2.1.0"
// ViewModel
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx:$lifecycle_version"
// LiveData
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-livedata-ktx:$lifecycle_version"
// Lifecycles only (without ViewModel or LiveData)
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-ktx:$lifecycle_version"
// Saved state module for ViewModel
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-savedstate:$lifecycle_version"
// Annotation processor
kapt "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-compiler:$lifecycle_version"
// alternately - if using Java8, use the following instead of lifecycle-compiler
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-common-java8:$lifecycle_version"
//volley
implementation 'com.android.volley:volley:1.2.0'
}
In the code above, we are importing the Lifecycle and Volley dependencies. The Lifecycle dependency is responsible for the MVVM architecture. It allows us to use elements such as LiveData and ViewModels.
We will use the Volley library to perform a network request to https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts.
Remember to add kotlin-kapt at the top of the app-level build.gradle file, as shown below:
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
apply plugin: 'kotlin-android'
apply plugin: 'kotlin-android-extensions'
apply plugin: 'kotlin-kapt'
Creating the data class
A data class allows us to define variables and their values. As noted, the application has four major variables; userId, id, title, and body.
In the main package directory, create a new class and name it Post.
Add the following code in the Post file:
data class Post(val userId: Int, val id: Int, val title: String, val body: String)
As highlighted above, the Post class will take the userID, id, title, and body as its parameters. Note that the getters and setters will be generated automatically.
Creating the repository
The repository allows the application to connect to different data sources. This data is then sent to the main UI.
In the main directory, generate a new file and name it as MainRepository.
We will retrieve data from an ArrayList, as well as from the Internet. Volley requires a RequestQueue to perform network requests. Therefore, we will include a RequestQueue as a parameter in the MainRepository class.
class MainRepository(var mRequestQueue: RequestQueue) {
}
Next, we need to add a MutableLiveData object to the application.
This object will hold data that will be retrieved from the internet:
var posts = MutableLiveData<ArrayList<Post>>() //this MutableLiveData will hold an ArrayList of posts
Let's create a method that returns a pre-filled Arraylist.
It will simulate data retrieved from the local storage:
fun getData(): ArrayList<Post>{ //this method returns an arraylist
var lst = ArrayList<Post>();
var post1 = Post(1, 1, "Tom", "Test data")
var post2 = Post(1, 1, "Thomas", "Tuesday")
var post3 = Post(1, 1, "Tim", "Going to Mars")
var post4 = Post(1, 1, "Theranos", "Big five animals")
lst.add(post1)
lst.add(post2)
lst.add(post3)
lst.add(post4)
return lst
}
We also need to include a method that retrieves data from the internet, as shown below:
fun fetchOnlineData(){
val url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts"
var onlineposts = ArrayList<Post>();
val jsonArrayRequest = JsonArrayRequest(
Request.Method.GET, url, null,
Response.Listener
{ response -> //retrieved data is stored in this response object
for(a in 0 until response.length()){
//this for loop iterates through the retrieved arraylist
val obj = response.getJSONObject(a)
//retrieve specific variables
val userId = obj.getInt("userId")
val id = obj.getInt("id")
val title = obj.getString("title")
val body = obj.getString("body")
var post = Post(userId,id,title,body)
onlineposts.add(post) //adding Post objects to an arraylist
}
posts.value = onlineposts //updates the mutablelivedata with the retrieved data
},
{ error ->
// We handle any errors here
}
)
// Access the RequestQueue through your singleton class.]
mRequestQueue.add(jsonArrayRequest)
//we use the request queue specified in the class contructor.
}
Here is the entire code for the MainRepository class:
import android.util.Log
import androidx.lifecycle.MutableLiveData
import com.android.volley.Request
import com.android.volley.RequestQueue
import com.android.volley.Response
import com.android.volley.toolbox.JsonArrayRequest
import com.android.volley.toolbox.JsonObjectRequest
class MainRepository(var mRequestQueue: RequestQueue) {
var posts = MutableLiveData<ArrayList<Post>>()
fun getData(): ArrayList<Post>{ //local data source
var lst = ArrayList<Post>();
var post1 = Post(1, 1, "Tom", "Test data")
var post2 = Post(1, 1, "Thomas", "Tuesday")
var post3 = Post(1, 1, "Tim", "Going to Mars")
var post4 = Post(1, 1, "Theranos", "Big five animals")
lst.add(post1)
lst.add(post2)
lst.add(post3)
lst.add(post4)
return lst
}
fun fetchOnlineData(){ //online data source
val url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts" //our online data source
var onlineposts = ArrayList<Post>();
val jsonArrayRequest = JsonArrayRequest(
Request.Method.GET, url, null,
Response.Listener
{ response ->
for(a in 0 until response.length()){
val obj = response.getJSONObject(a)
val userId = obj.getInt("userId")
val id = obj.getInt("id")
val title = obj.getString("title")
val body = obj.getString("body")
var post = Post(userId,id,title,body)
onlineposts.add(post)
}
posts.value = onlineposts
},
{ error ->
// TODO: Handle error
}
)
// Access the RequestQueue through your singleton class.]
mRequestQueue.add(jsonArrayRequest)
}
}
Creating the ViewModel
In this step, we will connect the MainRepository above to our ViewModel.
Create a new file in the main package directory and name it MainViewModel.
Add the following code in the generated MainViewModel file:
class MainViewModel(var mRequestQueue: RequestQueue) : ViewModel() {
//we include a Volley requestquest as a parameter
var localposts = MutableLiveData<ArrayList<Post>>() //this mutable will store local data
var onlineposts = MutableLiveData<ArrayList<Post>>() //stores data retrieved from server
var mainRepository = MainRepository(mRequestQueue) //initializing the MainRepository
init{
localposts.value = mainRepository.getData() //fetching local data
mainRepository.fetchOnlineData() //fetching online data
onlineposts = mainRepository.posts //updating the onlineposts array with new data
}
}
In the code above, we included a RequestQueue in the class constructor. As noted, the RequestQueue allows us to perform a Volley network request.
We also defined localposts and onlineposts arrays. These components will store our application data.
The last thing was to initialize the MainRepository. We pass the RequestQueue as a parameter in this class.
The init function is called whenever the ViewModel is initialized. It is, therefore, the perfect place to fetch and load data.
Creating a ViewModelFactory
A ViewModelFactory allows us to pass certain values in the ViewModel whenever it is initialized. In our case, we need to pass a RequestQueue in the ViewModel's constructor.
In the main directory, create a file called MainViewModelFactory.
Add the following code in the generated MainViewModelFactory:
class MainViewModelFactory(var mRequestQueue: RequestQueue): Factory {
override fun <T : ViewModel?> create(modelClass: Class<T>): T {
if(modelClass.isAssignableFrom(MainViewModel::class.java)){
return MainViewModel(mRequestQueue) as T
}
throw IllegalArgumentException("Unknown class")
}
}
As shown above, the MainViewModelFactory requires a RequestQueue when it is initialized. This component is then passed down to the MainViewModel.
In case the MainViewModel is not found, the MainViewModelFactory will throw an IllegalArgumentException.
Generating the user interface
The UI enables us to display information to the user. For instance, in our case, the user will view both the local and online data.
We will be using a simple UI to present data to the user.
Navigate to the res/layout folder and add the code below:
<TextView
android:id="@+id/content"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="TextView"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
The retrieved data will be displayed in the TextView highlighted above. Ensure that you allocate this TextView an id.
Completing the MainActivity
This is the final phase of our app. We need to connect all the components that we have discussed above in this activity.
In the MainActivity file, declare the following variables:
private lateinit var mainViewModel: MainViewModel //this is our viewmodel
private lateinit var mainViewModelFactory: MainViewModelFactory // the viewmodelfactory
private lateinit var mRequestQueue: RequestQueue //requestqueue
The lateinit keyword enables us to declare variables without assigning them values.
We now need to assign values to the above variables, as demonstrated below:
mRequestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this) //assigning the requestqueue
mainViewModelFactory = MainViewModelFactory(mRequestQueue)
//passing the requestque to the viewmodel factory
mainViewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this, mainViewModelFactory).get(MainViewModel::class.java)
//initializing the viewmodel
``
The next step is to load the data into the `TextView`.
```kt
content.text = "Local Data\n"+mainViewModel.localposts.value!!.toString()
In the code above, content is the id that we assigned to the TextView.
We access the ArrayList storing the local data using mainViewModel.localposts.value!!. The data is then converted into a string using the toString() method.
The next step is to observe the ArrayList storing our online data. We will only update the UI when the app has completed fetching data.
mainViewModel.onlineposts.observeForever { //observing the mutablelivedata
if(it.isEmpty()){ //checking if the arraylist is empty
//do something
}else{ //displaying data when the arraylist is not empty
content.text = "Online Data\n"+it.toString()
//convert the array into a string
}
}
Here is the code for the entire MainActivity:
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
private lateinit var mainViewModel: MainViewModel
private lateinit var mainViewModelFactory: MainViewModelFactory
private lateinit var mRequestQueue: RequestQueue
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
mRequestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this)
mainViewModelFactory = MainViewModelFactory(mRequestQueue)
mainViewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this, mainViewModelFactory).get(MainViewModel::class.java)
content.text = "Local Data\n"+mainViewModel.localposts.value!!.toString()
mainViewModel.onlineposts.observeForever {
if(it.isEmpty()){
//do something
}else{
content.text = "Online Data\n"+it.toString()
}
}
}
}
When you test the application, it should display the local data then update the UI with the online posts.
Conclusion
This article discussed how to implement a repository in an Android application using Kotlin. One huge advantage of a repository is that it supports the separation of business logic which leads to greater productivity.
You can, therefore, use the knowledge and skills gained in this course to craft high-quality Android applications.
Happy coding!
Peer Review Contributions by: Peter Kayere
