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How to Get Started with TinyDB in Python

How to Get Started with TinyDB in Python

In this article, we will learn about TinyDB, which is built entirely in Python and has a plethora of essential utilities for querying and editing database files. <!--more--> As a developer, most of the projects you may work on will require you to store data. TinyDB does not accept SQL-style queries, instead it retrieves the database files using a Python API.

There's no need to set up a database server since everything is accessible directly through files saved on a storage device without the need for a server connection.

Prerequisites

To follow along with this tutorial, the reader will need the following:

  • A basic Knowledge of Python.
  • A basic Knowledge of JSON.
  • Have an understanding of databases.

Table of contents

What is TinyDB?

TinyDB is a compact, document-oriented database designed in Python. It has a nice and clean API that is simple to use, it is also good for building simple personal projects.

Advantages of TinyDB?

  • It is perfect for personal projects where you need to install some data.
  • It is Tiny with less documentation.
  • It is document oriented meaning you can store any file with .json extension.
  • TinyDB is written entirely in Python and does not require the use of an external server to run.
  • It is the best choice for small projects.

Disadvantage of TinyDB?

TinyDB is not the right choice for building advanced features for your application, such as creating indexes for tables.

Installation of TinyDB

TinyDB is easy to set up on your computer. Open your the command prompt and run:

pip install tinydb

After you have completed the installation, you're ready to start coding.

How to use TinyDB

TinyDB is mostly used for database CRUD operations, such as:

  • Create: inserting data into the database.
  • Read: this refers to the process of reading or obtaining data from a database.
  • Update: to make changes to the database's data.
  • Delete: to delete data from a database.

Now that everything is in place, we must import the TinyDB library's essential classes. We will utilize the Python Terminal to help us in our coding.

from tinydb import TinyDB, Query
db = TinyDB("students_db.json")

With the code above you've just imported TinyDB and Query.

Next, construct a TinyDB instance and provide the name of the file to it. This will generate a students db.json file where our data will be stored.

Inserting data in TinyDB

Since we are working with "JSON", the data that we will be adding is a "python Dictionary". Let's look at how we go about inserting data into the database.

# inserting only one data in the database
>>> items = {`name`: `Kennedy`, `Course`: `Nursing`, `year`: 3}
>>> db.insert(item)
# function of the newly created object
1

To begin, we generated a new dictionary named 'items' and set the variables of 'name,' 'Course,' and 'year' to 'Kennedy,' 'Nursing,' and '3', respectively. The data is then inserted into the database using the insert() function.

The 'id 1' of the newly generated object is returned by the 'insert()' function. After running the above code, a new "JSON" file called students_db.json will be created. The data is entered in the way described below.

{ 
  "_default": {
   "1": {"name": "Kennedy", "Course": "Nursing", "year": 3}
   }
 }

_default is the name of the set table, and 1 is the id of the newly created object.

We'll use the db.insert_multiple (items) function to insert multiple items. Here's an illustration of how that is done.

# inserting multiple data in the database
>>> items = [
... {`name`: `Catherine`, `Course`: `Law`, `year`: 4},
... {`name`: `Anthony`, `Course`: `Computer science`,`year`: 1},
... {`name`: `Caroline`, `Course`: `Education`,`year`: 3}
... {`name`: `Moris`, `Course`: `Education`,`year`: 3}
... ]
# function to use for multiple data
>>> db.insert_multiple(items) [2, 3, 4, 5]

In the code above, we built a collection of dictionaries named items and added items using the insert multiple() function.

The output in our "JSON" file will appear as shown below.

{
  "_default": {
  "1": { "name": "Kennedy", "Course": "Nursing", "year": 3},
  "2": { "name": "Catherine", "Course": "Law", "year": 4 },
  "3": { "name": "Anthony", "Course": "Computer science","year": 1},
  "4": { "name": "Caroline", "Course": "Education","year": 3}
  "5": { "name": "Moris", "Course": "Education","year": 3}
  }
}

Getting data from TinyDB

TinyDB data can be recovered in various ways.

We'll use the get() function, which will return only one piece of matching data. Here's how it works.

# searching data using get() function
>>> db.get(Students.name == 'Catherine')
{"name": "Catherine", "Course": "Law", "year": 4}
# searching none existance data 
>>> db.get(Students.name == 'Ian') 
>>>

Here, it does not find any names matching Ian in the database, therefore it returns none.

We can use the db.search() function to retrieve data. If no data matches the search, it gives you an empty list as a result. Below is a demonstration of how to search for data in TinyDB.

# searching data using search() function
>>> db.search(Students.course == 'Nursing')
[{"name": "Kennedy", "Course": "Nursing", "year": 3}]
>>> db.search( Students.year == 5 ) 
[]
>>>

To get the number of data that matches our query, we can use the count() function.

# searching matching data using count() function
>>> db.count(Students.course == 'Education') 
2
>>>

Updating and deleting data in TinyDB

Updating data in TinyDB

The update() function is used to update data in the TinyDB database. You can change the value of an existing database field. It sends the values to be adjusted as the first parameter to the update function, followed by the query as the second.

# updating data in the database 
>>> db.update({'year': 5}, Students.name == 'Catherine')
[1]
>>>db.update({'course': Engineering}, Students.name == 'Caroline')
[4]

The above code has updated the year of Catherine from year 4 to year 5 and the course of Carilone from Education to Engineering. We can be required to update all the data in a given database, db.all method is used to update all the data. For instance, we can set the year of all students to year 1 as shown below.

# updating all data in the database using all() function
>>> db.update({'year': 1}) 
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> db.all()
{`name`: `Kennedy`, `Course`: `Nursing`, `year`: 1}
{`name`: `Catherine`, `Course`: `Law`, `year`: 1},
{`name`: `Anthony`, `Course`: `Computer science`,`year`: 1},
{`name`: `Caroline`, `Course`: `Education`,`year`: 1}
{`name`: `Moris`, `Course`: `Education`,`year`: 1}

Deleting data from TinyDB

To delete data, we use remove() function. The data is removed if it matches the optional condition and an optional list of the data's id.

# deleting data in the database using remove() function
>>> db.remove(Students.name == 'Kennedy')                              
[1]
>>> db.all() 
# output                     
[{`name`: `Catherine`, `Course`: `Law`, `year`: 1},
{`name`: `Anthony`, `Course`: `Computer science`,`year`: 1},
{`name`: `Caroline`, `Course`: `Education`,`year`: 1}
{`name`: `Moris`, `Course`: `Education`,`year`: 1}]
>>> db.remove(Students.name == 'Ian')
[]
>>>

To delete everything from the database, use the truncate() function as shown below.

# deleting all data in the database using truncate() function
>>> db.truncate()
>>> db.all()
# output
[]
>>>

Every CRUD operation shown above is demonstrated with its corresponding example, which is simple and clear to understand.

The complete code is available here.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we learned about TinyDB and how to perform CRUD operations on the database. Here is where you can learn more about TinyDB.

Happy coding!

Peer Review Contributions by: Jethro Magaji

Published on: Mar 7, 2022
Updated on: Jul 15, 2024
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